Clinical study on the predictive value of regional cerebral oxygen saturation for the occurrence of sepsis-associated encephalopathy / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To evaluate the predictive value of regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO 2) for the occurrence of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Methods:The data of 94 patients with sepsis admitted to the intensive care unit of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from September 2019 to June 2021 were collected. The patients were divided into SAE group and non-SAE group according to the evaluation results of daily intensive care unit confusion assessment method (CAM-ICU) during ICU treatment. The general data such as age and gender of the patients, rScO 2 on 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days of ICU admission, and prognostics were recorded. Receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) was drawn to evaluate the predictive value of rScO 2 on SAE during ICU stay. Results:All 94 patients were enrolled in the analysis, of whom 59.6% (56/94) were male, and the mean age was (50.1±15.1) years old; the incidence of SAE was 31.9% (30/94). The levels of rScO 2 within first 3 days of ICU admission in the SAE group were significantly lower than those in the non-SAE group (1 day: 0.601±0.107 vs. 0.675±0.069, 2 days: 0.592±0.090 vs. 0.642±0.129, 3 days: 0.662±0.109 vs. 0.683±0.091, all P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in rScO 2 level on the 5th or the 7th day between the SAE and non-SAE groups (5 days: 0.636±0.065 vs. 0.662±0.080, 7 days: 0.662±0.088 vs. 0.690±0.077, both P > 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that 1-day rScO 2 had the greatest predictive value for SAE [1 day: area under the ROC curve (AUC) = 0.77, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 0.65-0.89, P < 0.01; 2 days: AUC = 0.60, 95% CI was 0.48-0.72, P > 0.05; 3 days: AUC = 0.55, 95% CI was 0.41-0.68, P > 0.05]; with 1-day rScO 2 = 0.640 as the diagnostic threshold, the sensitivity was 73.4%, the specificity was 80.0%. Compared with the non-SAE group, the length of ICU stay and hospital stay in the SAE group were significantly longer [length of ICU stay (days): 13.6±7.1 vs. 9.0±4.3, length of hospital stay (days): 20.1±8.0 vs. 15.8±6.1, both P < 0.05], but the ICU mortality between the two groups was not statistically different. Conclusions:The incidence of SAE is relatively high in ICU patients, and the occurrence of SAE can be predicted by monitoring rScO 2. The rScO 2 value on the first day of ICU admission is closely related to the occurrence of SAE, and may be the target of sepsis resuscitation to guide the treatment and improve the long-term prognosis.

Application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in critically ill pregnant women / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To investigate the safety and effectiveness of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in emergency treatment of critically ill pregnant women.Methods:Clinical data of 8 pregnant women with severe cardiopulmonary dysfunction during the perinatal period treated by ECMO in the department of intensive care unit (ICU) of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing University Medical School from September 2017 to November 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Results:For the 8 pregnant women, the mean age was (32.5±6.3) years old. Body weight was (73.5±8.1) kg. Gestational age was (31.0±4.4) weeks. Acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡ (APACHEⅡ) score was 13.0±6.6, and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score was 8.3±3.8. Among them, 5 pregnant women suffered from severe pneumonia and were treated with veno-venous ECMO (VV-ECMO). Another 3 pregnant women with heart failure underwent veno-arterial ECMO (VA-ECMO). The initial ECMO flow rate was set to 2.0-3.0 L/min. Then the highest flow rate was (3.1±0.6) L/min, and the average ECMO running time was (174±36) hours. The length of ICU stay was (16.0±5.4) days. Six pregnant women (5 with severe pneumonia and 1 with peripartum cardiomyopathy) successfully evacuated from ECMO and survived. Two pregnant women with pulmonary hypertension showed poor prognosis. In total, seven babies survived. Two of them were delivered after ECMO evacution, and one underwent emergency cesarean section with ECMO support. In another case, the fetus could not be delivered due to under-gestational weeks. During this period, there were no serious bleeding complications. One pregnant woman developed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HITT), then she received another anticoagulant treatment. One pregnant woman got sequential anticoagulation therapy for 3 months on account of thrombosis in the puncture vessel.Conclusions:ECMO has played an active role in the rescue of critically ill pregnant women. For those with reversible severe cardiopulmonary dysfunction, it is necessary to evaluate the application of ECMO as early as possible to improve the survival rate of mothers and infants.

Epidemiological characteristics of heat stroke and its relationship with high temperature and heat wave in Minhang District of Shanghai in 2013-2018 / 上海预防医学

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of heat stroke cases in Minhang District of Shanghai in 2013-2018 and to explore potential risk factors， so as to provide the evidence for making the preventive and control measures. Methods:Meteorological parameters and heat stroke cases during May-September were included for statistical analysis. Results:A total of 101 heat stroke cases were studied， in which the majority occurred during June-August. Male cases were more than female cases and 51.5% （52/101） of the cases were severe cases. The incidence of severe heat stroke in people aged 40-59， and 60 and over was significantly higher than that in people under 40 years old. The number of people with severe heat stroke was positively correlated with daily maximum temperature and daily minimum temperature， whereas the number of mild heat stroke was only positively correlated with daily maximum temperature. More than half of total cases （86 cases） were documented in 15 heat wave periods， two of which had significantly increased risk. Conclusion:High temperature in summer is dangerous in Minhang District of Shanghai. Men and older people are susceptible to heat stroke， which occurs mainly in the period of high temperature in July and August. The period of daily highest temperature ≥35 ℃， especially during continual high temperature， is the key stage for heat stroke prevention. In addition to focusing on the effect of daily maximum temperature on heat stroke， the effect of daily minimum temperature on severe heat stroke should be considered.

Effects of booster vaccination with tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria and acellular pertussis combined vaccine (Tdap) after vaccination of rats with DTacP-sIPV or DTacP-IPV/Hib / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effects of a booster immunization with a candidate tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis combined vaccine (Tdap) in a rat model after primary vaccination with diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis and Sabin strain inactivated poliovirus combined vaccine (DTacP-sIPV) or diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus and haemophilus type b combined vaccine (DTacP-IPV/Hib) for further preclinical study.Methods:Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups and respectively immunized with a self-developed DTacP-sIPV, a marketed DTacP-IPV/Hib and normal saline at 0, 1, and 2 months of age. Serum levels of antibody against each component in each group were detected before immunization and after each dose. A booster dose of the candidate Tdap was given 10 months after primary immunization. Serum levels of antibody against each component in each group were detected before, 1 month and 6 months after the booster immunization.Results:One month after three doses of primary immunization, the geometric mean titers (GMT, Log2) of antibodies against diphtheria toxoid (DT), tetanus toxoid (TT), pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and pertactin (PRN) in the DTacP-sIPV group were 17.41, 18.34, 18.11, 19.93 and 13.91, respectively, and the seroconversion rates of these components all reached 100%. Ten months after primary immunization, the GMTs of antibodies against DT, TT, PT, FHA and PRN decreased to 15.17, 14.26, 13.60, 14.51 and 10.39, respectively, and the seroconversion rates remained above 89%. One month after booster immunization, the GMTs of antibodies against DT, TT, PT and FHA in the DTacP-sIPV and DTacP-IPV/Hib groups were 16.49/17.26, 16.80/17.63, 16.70/17.74 and 18.48/19.26, respectively, and the seroconversion rates of these components all reached 100% with no significant difference between the two groups ( P>0.05). The GMTs of anti-PRN antibody in the DTacP-sIPV and DTacP-IPV/Hib groups were 13.07 and 11.00, and the seroconversion rates were 100% and 88%, which were higher in the DTacP-sIPV group than in the DTacP-IPV/Hib group ( P<0.05). Six months after booster immunization, the GMTs of antibodies against DT, TT, PT, FHA and PRN in the DTacP-sIPV and DTacP-IPV/Hib groups decreased to 15.74/14.87, 15.07/15.14, 14.84/15.73, 16.62/16.37 and 11.44/9.96, respectively, and the seroconversion rates remained above 88%. Conclusions:Booster vaccination with the candidate Tdap vaccine induces humoral immune response following primary immunization with DTacP-sIPV or DTacP-IPV/Hib in the Wistar rat model, while the antibody titer decreases with time.

Effect of rSO 2-guided low-dose norepinephrine on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing hip replacement under general anesthesia / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of regional oxygen saturation (rSO 2)-guided low-dose norepinephrine on postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in elderly patients undergoing hip replacement under general anesthesia. Methods:One hundred and twenty patients of both sexes, aged 65-80 yr, with body mass index of 18-24 kg/m 2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical statusⅠ-Ⅲ, scheduled for hip replacement under general anesthesia, were divided into 2 groups ( n=60 each) using a random number table method: control group (group C) and low-dose norepinephrine guided by rSO 2 group (group RN). The patients in both groups received superior inguinal fascial space block combined with general anesthesia under laryngeal mask placement.In group C, the fluctuation range of mean arterial pressure (MAP) was not more than 20% of the baseline, vasoactive agents were administered according to the changes in blood pressure, rSO 2 was monitored continuously, but the change rate of rSO 2 was not used as the regulating index.In group RN, norepinephrine was infused continuously via the central vein at 0.01-0.10 μg·kg -1·min -1 after anesthesia induction, the dose was adjusted according to rSO 2, the rSO 2 change rate was maintained≤10%, the fluctuation range of mean arterial pressure was not more than 20% of the baseline, and vasoactive agents were administered when necessary.MAP, end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide (P ETCO 2) and rSO 2 were recorded after inhalation of oxygen (T 0), at 5 min after anesthesia induction (T 1), at 30 min after skin incision (T 2), at the end of surgery (T 3) and after recovery and extubation (T 4), and the change rate of rSO 2 was calculated.The occurrence of adverse events and amount of vasoactive drugs used were recorded.The cognitive function was assessed using Montreal Scale at 1 day before surgery and 7 days after surgery, and the development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) was calculated using Z score.The postoperative hospital stay time was recorded. Results:Compared with group C, MAP and rSO 2 were significantly increased, and the change rate of rSO 2 was decreased at T 1, 2 in group RN ( P<0.05). Compared with group C, the requirement for intraoperative vasoactive drugs was significantly decreased, the consumption of norepinephrine was increased, MoCA total score, attention and delayed recall sub-score were increased at 7 days after surgery, the incidence of POCD was decreased, and the postoperative hospital stay time was shortened in group RN ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Low-dose norepinephrine guided by rSO 2 can decrease the development of POCD in elderly patients undergoing hip replacement under general anesthesia.

Comparison of gastrointestinal adverse events with different doses of metformin in the treatment of elderly people with type 2 diabetes.

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Gastrointestinal discomfort is the most common adverse event of metformin treatment for type 2 diabetes, especially in elderly patients. The aim of this study was to compare gastrointestinal adverse events resulting from different doses of metformin used for the treatment of elderly people with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A total of 361 elderly patients with newly diagnosed diabetes were randomly divided into three groups: metformin 1000 mg/d (N = 120), metformin 1500 mg/d (N = 121) and metformin 2000 mg/d (N = 120). Glycaemic control and gastrointestinal adverse events (abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, bloating and anorexia) were assessed and compared among the three groups after 12 weeks of treatment. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: At baseline, there was no significant difference in gastrointestinal symptoms among the three groups. After 12 weeks of treatment with metformin, the change in HbA1c level was -0.7%, -0.9% and -1.0% for the 1000 mg/d, 1500 mg/d and 2000 mg/d groups, respectively (P < .0001). There was no significant difference in gastrointestinal adverse events among the three groups after treatment with metformin. In total, 62 people (17.2%) could not tolerate the adverse effects of metformin, and most of them stopped treatment in the first 4 weeks. Logistic regression analysis shows that female sex (OR = 2.660, 95%CI 1.692-4.183, P < .0001) and the concurrent use of organic cation transporter 1-inhibiting drugs (OR = 1.874, 95%CI 1.076-3.265, P = .027) are independent risk factors for adverse events. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that metformin doses of 1000 mg/d-2000 mg/d have similar adverse events but that 2000 mg/d of metformin yields the best glycaemic control in elderly people with diabetes. If elderly people can tolerate 1000 mg/d of metformin, we could gradually increase the dose to 2000 mg/d to achieve better glycaemic control.

Relationship between D-dimer concentration and inflammatory factors or organ function in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To explore the relationship between D-dimer concentration and inflammatory factors or organ function in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Methods:A retrospective study was conducted. The clinical data of 72 patients with COVID-19 admitted to intensive unit of Tongji Guanggu Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan, Hubei Province from February 10th to 29th in 2020 were collected, including their general information, routine blood test, coagulation function, inflammatory parameters, cytokines, and organ function related laboratory parameters at admission. The patients were divided into two groups, namely D-dimer normal group (< 0.5 mg/L) and D-dimer elevated group (≥ 0.5 mg/L). The differences of general data, inflammatory parameters and cytokines between the two groups were compared. Besides, the correlation between D-dimer and organ function was analyzed by linear regression. The change in sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) between the first visit after the onset of the disease and admission to intensive unit ≥ 2 was defined as being combined with organ damage. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to evaluate the predictive value of D-dimer on organ damage in patients with COVID-19.Results:65.3% of the 72 patients had abnormal coagulation. The D-dimer level of COVID-19 patients gradually increased with the aggravation of the disease, and the levels of ordinary type ( n = 14), severe type ( n = 49), and critical type ( n = 9) were 0.43 (0.22, 0.89), 0.66 (0.26, 1.36), and 2.65 (0.68, 15.45) mg/L, respectively, with statistically significant difference ( P < 0.05). Thirty-two patients (44.4%) had normal D-dimer, and 40 (55.6%) had elevated D-dimer. Compared with the normal D-dimer group, the patients in the D-dimer elevated group were older (years old: 67.7±11.6 vs. 54.0±13.1), and the levels of white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil count (NEU), procalcitonin (PCT), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukins (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10), IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) at admission were significantly higher [WBC (×10 9/L): 7.16 (5.55, 9.75) vs. 5.25 (4.59, 6.98), NEU (×10 9/L): 7.11±5.46 vs. 3.33±1.58, PCT (μg/L): 0.08 (0.06, 0.21) vs. 0.05 (0.04, 0.06), hs-CRP (mg/L): 27.9 (3.4, 58.8) vs. 1.3 (0.8, 6.6), IL-6 (ng/L): 11.80 (2.97, 30.61) vs. 1.98 (1.50, 4.73), IL-8 (ng/L): 19.90 (13.33, 42.28) vs. 9.40 (12.35, 15.30), IL-10 (ng/L): 5.00 (5.00, 8.38) vs. 5.00 (5.00, 5.00), IL-2R (kU/L): 907.90±458.42 vs. 572.13±274.55, TNF-α (ng/L): 10.94±5.95 vs. 7.77±3.67], while lymphocyte (LYM) and monocyte (MON) counts were lower [LYM (×10 9/L): 1.14±0.49 vs. 1.46±0.42, MON (×10 9/L): 0.63±0.25 vs. 0.87±0.21], with significant differences (all P < 0.05). Linear regression analysis showed that D-dimer level was negatively related with pulse oxygen saturation (SpO 2), oxygenation index (PaO 2/FiO 2) and platelet count (PLT) with β values of -0.493, -11.615, and -0.018, respectively (all P < 0.05). However, D-dimer level was positively related with respiratory rate (RR), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBil) and direct bilirubin (DBil) with β values of 0.485, 0.107, 0.291, and 0.404 (all P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under ROC curve (AUC) of D-dimer for predicting organ injury in COVID-19 patients was 0.889, and the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 0.753-1.000. When the optimal cut-off value was 2.36 mg/L, the sensitivity was 85.7%, and the specificity was 78.1%. Conclusion:D-dimer levels in COVID-19 patients are correlated with inflammatory factors and organ function, and it can be used to predict organ injury.

Advances in research of effects of ambient ultrafine particles on human health / 上海预防医学

Particulate matters are primary pollutants and ubiquitous in most urban areas of China and prove to be an acknowledged risk to human health, whose degree of harm is realated to the particle size.Ultrafine particles (UFPs) with its diameter less than 0.1 μm may have greater adverse health effects compared with larger ones as fine particulate matters(PM10)and (PM2.5).However, there have been fewer studies and insuffient evidence in this regard.In this review, we analyze recent population-based studies on UFPs exposure and its health impacts and elucidate associations of UFPs exposure with subclinical endpoints changes so as to promote the awreness of UFPs and provide reference for its further research.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can improve the effectiveness of constraint-induced movement therapy for hemiplegic children with cerebral palsy / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of combining repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) with constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) in rehabilitating the upper limb functioning of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.Methods:Sixty children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy were recruited and randomly divided into a control group ( n=30) and an experimental group ( n=30). Both groups were given conventional rehabilitation therapy and intensive one-to-one CIMT of the affected hand for 30 minutes 5 times a week for 4 successive weeks. The healthy hand was immobilized in a hand cushion for 3 hours. The experimental group was additionally provided with 20 minutes of rTMS at 1.0Hz, 5 times a week for the same 4 weeks. Before and after the treatment, both groups were evaluated using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS-2 FM) and an upper extremities function test (UEFT). Results:After 4 weeks of treatment there was significant improvement in both groups with regard to the average PDMS-2 FM and UEFT scores. The improvement in the experimental group was significantly better.Conclusions:rTMS combined with CIMT can effectively improve upper limb motor function and promote the fine motor development of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.

Characterization of quantitative EEG in patients with postoperative cognitive dysfunction / 医学研究生学报

Objective Very few studies have been reported on the application of quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) in patients with postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). This study was to investigate the qEEG features of POCD and provide some help for the early detection and diagnosis of the condition. Methods We enrolled 31 postoperative patients treated in our Department of Critical Care Medicine from January 2018 to October 2018. Based on the pre- and post-operative scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), we divided the patients into a POCD (MMSE score >2, n = 11) and a non-POCD control group (MMSE score ≤2, n = 20). Using the brain function instrument, the electrode set according to the standard international 10-20 system and with bipolar longitudinal F3-P3 and F4-P4 four channels, we conducted bedside monitoring for all the patients and calculated the average value of the consecutive clips of 10-min qEEG. Then, we analyzed the amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG), relative frequency band energy, relative α variability and spectrum entropy, and the correlation of relative frequency band energy and relative α variability with the MMSE scores. Results Compared with the non-POCD controls, the POCD patients showed significant decreases in the total MMSE scores (28.35 ± 1.27 vs 18.91 ± 2.34, P < 0.05), orientation score (9.75 ± 0.44 vs 6.82 ± 1.47, P < 0.05) and memory score (2.90 ± 0.31 vs 2.09 ± 1.04, P < 0.05) as well as in the concentration, calculation, recalling and language scores (all P < 0.05); and the POCD patients also exhibited marked reduction in the left α variability ([22.59 ± 10.98]% vs [14.39 ± 8.25]%, P < 0.05), right α variability ([24.07 ± 9.73]% vs [15.70 ± 9.59]%, P < 0.05), left α frequency band energy ([7.17 ± 4.73] vs [3.83 ± 2.62] μV2, P < 0.05) and right α frequency band energy ([6.94 ± 4.53] vs [3.82 ± 2.51] μV2, P < 0.05). The MMSE scores were found to be negatively correlated with left α variability (r = -0.793, P = 0.004), right α variability (r = -0.835, P = 0.001), left α frequency band energy (r = -0.633, P = 0.037) and right α frequency band energy (r = -0.682, P = 0.021). Conclusion Quantitative EEG of POCD patients is characterized by significantly decreased α variability and α frequency band energy, which may contribute to the early detection and diagnosis of POCD.

Analysis of the social support and related factors of the elderly in the elderly activity centers in Macao, Hong Kong and Guangzhou / 中华预防医学杂志

Research participants were recruited at 16 elderly activity centers among three cities in Macao, Hong Kong and Guangzhou. A total of 324 people were surveyed, with women ≥ 55 years old and men ≥ 60 years old; There were 90, 100 and 134 in Macao, Hong Kong and Guangzhou respectively. The median (P25, P75) score of the social support rating scale (SSRS) for the elderly was 30 (25, 38) for Macao, 24 (20, 29) for Hong Kong and 30 (26, 37) for Guangzhou respectively. The elderly in Macao and Guangzhou had a higher proportion of the SSRS in the middle and high groups (85.20%, 84.50%) when compared to the elderly in Hong Kong (62.10%) (P<0.05). The city, marital status, and personal well-being index are related to SSRS scores.

Effect of early enough protein intake on outcomes of critically ill patients / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of protein intake in the early phase and later phase on the outcomes of critically ill patients.Methods A total of 326 critically ill patients admitted in intensive care unit of our hospital from September 2016 to March 2018 were enrolled in this prospective observational study.According to the 28-day prognosis of patients,they were divided into death group and survival group.Early protein target (EPT) was defined as the daily protein intake≥0.8 g/ (kg · d) on days 1-3,and late protein target (LPT) was defined as the daily protein intake≥0.8 g/ (k · d) on days 4-7.Results Daily protein intakes on day 1 and day 3 and cumulative protein intakes on days 1-3 were significantly higher in non-survivors than in the survivors (P＜0.05),but daily protein intakes on day 2,4,5,6 and 7 and cumulative protein intakes on days 4-7 and 1-7 showed no significant difference between two groups (P＞0.05).Hospital mortality was the lowest in the LPT group,the highest in the EPT,and in the middle in the EPT+LPT group and non-EPT+non-LPT group (P＜0.05).The survival curve analysis showed that the survival time of the EPT-only group was significantly lower than that of the LPT-only group (P＜0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that age,sex,cumulative protein and caloric intakes on days 1-7 were the independent risk factors for mortality.Conclusion Early low protein intake is benefit for the outcomes of critically ill patients,and combined with adequate intake of protein in the later stage may further improve the outcomes.

Epidemiological profiles of dental erosion in 3- to 5-year-old children in Shanghai / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective • To describe and analyze the epidemiological status of dental erosion in 3- to 5-year-old children in Shanghai. Methods • A cluster, multi-stage random sampling method was applied to 3- to 5-year-old children in Shanghai. Clinical oral examination was performed, and the status of dental erosion was evaluated by O'Sullivan index, including the involved tooth position, surface and severity. Descriptive analysis was applied for the prevalence of dental erosion and the distribution of tooth position and surface. Results • A total of 1 148 children aged from 3 to 5 years old in Shanghai were randomly selected. Among them, 168 children suffered from dental erosion, and the prevalence of dental erosion in the sample was 14.6%. A total of 102 males (17.3%) and 66 females (11.8%) showed the condition of dental erosion. The ratio of male and female was 1:0.68, and the prevalence of dental erosion in the male was significantly higher than that in the female (χ2=6.972, P=0.008). The upper second deciduous molar in the dentition was most likely involved (8.6%) and the lower later incisor was least involved (1.7%). The surface of occlusal or incisal surface was more likely involved (37.1%). With regard to the severity of dental erosion, the loss of horizontal enamel was more common (58.4%). Conclusion • The prevalence of dental erosion in the 3- to 5-year-old children in Shanghai is relatively high and it is necessary to raise the awareness of dental erosion prevention.

Association between HLA-DR Expression and Multidrug-resistant Infection in Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infection is a common complication of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).This study aimed to explore the association between human leukocyte antigen-antigen D-related (HLA-DR) expression and multidrug-resistant infection in patients with SAP.A total of 24 SAP patients who were admitted to Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital between May 2015 and December 2016 were enrolled in the study.The percentages of CD4+,CD8+,natural killer (NK),and HLA-DR (CD14+) cells and the CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio on days 1,7,14,and 28 after admission were determined by flow cytometry.Eighteen patients presented with the symptoms of infection.Among them,55.6％ patients (10/18) developed MDR infection.The most common causative MDR organisms were Enterobacter cloacae and Acinetobacter baumannii.The CD4+/CD8+ cell ratio and the percentage of NK cells were similar between patients with non-MDR and patients with MDR infections.In patients without infection,the HLA-DR percentage was maintained at a high level throughout the 28 days.Compared to the patients without any infection,the HLA-DR percentage in patients with non-MDR infection was reduced on day 1 but increased and reached similar levels on day 28.In patients with MDR infection,the HLA-DR percentage remained below normal levels at all-time points.It was concluded that persistent down-regulation of HLA-DR expression is associated with MDR bacterial infection in patients with SAP.

Effects of Speech Therapy in Group on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To observe the effect of speech therapy in group on children with autism spectrum disorders(ASD). Methods From July,2014 to July,2015,60 children with ASD were randomly divided into control group(n=30)and ex-perimental group(n=30).Both groups accepted regular rehabilitation training,while the experimental group ac-cepted speech therapy in group in addition,for six months.They were assessed with Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC)and Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist(ATEC)before and after training,. Results The scores of ABC in both groups decreased after training(t>3.079,P<0.01),and decreased more in the experi-mental group(t=3.149,P<0.01).The score of Health/Physical/Behavior and total score of ATEC decreased in the control group(t>3.018,P<0.01),while the scores of all the items of ATEC decreased in the experimental group (t>2.498,P<0.05)after treatment.The scores of all the items of ATEC decreased more in the experimental group than in the control group(t>2.027,P<0.05). Conclusion The addition of speech therapy in group can further improve the behavior in children with ASD.

Teicoplanin trough concentrations following different loading doses in critically ill patients / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To understand serum trough concentrations (Cmin) of teicoplanin and target concentration achieved in severely infected patients after three days treatment with different loading doses of teicoplanin,and find out optimal loading dose.Methods Severely infected patients who admitted to the intensive care unit(ICU) of a hospital from February 1,2016 to February 28,2017 were enrolled in the study.According to different drug loading doses (teicoplanin standard dose:6mg/kg;high dose:10mg/kg) and different creatinine clearance rates (Ccr:50mL/min as standard value),patients were divided into four subgroups:group of standard dose and normal Ccr (GsD1),group of standard dose and low Ccr (GSD2),group of high dose and normal Ccr (GHD1),group of high dose and low Ccr(GHD2).Serum Cmin,percentage of achieving target concentration,and adverse reactions of teicoplanin in different groups were compared.Results A total of 49 patients were enrolled in the study,17 patients were in GSD group,Cmin on 4th day before administration was (5.98 ± 2.67)mg/L;32 patients were in GHD group,Cmin on 4th day before administration was (9.05 ± 4.25)mg/L;Cmin in GHD group was higher than that in GsD group,and there was statistical difference between two groups(t=3.10,P=0.003).Values of Cmin in GSD1,GSD2,GHD1,and GHD2 groups were (5.78±2.72),(6.34±2.78),(8.21 ±3.77),and (12.07±4.81) mg/L respectively,differences among four groups were statistically significant(F =4.766,P =0.006).The Cmin in GHD2 group was higher than those in GHD1,GSD2,and GsD1 groups,percentage of achieving the target concentration were 9.09％ (1/11),16.67％ (1/6),28.00％(7/25),and 71.43％ (5/7) respectively,differences were statistically significant(x2=8.766,P=0.033).Complications associated with teicoplanin such as rash,damage to hepatic and renal function were not observed in all patients during the treatment course.Conclusion Whether the Ccr is normal or not,target Cmin can not be achieved early in patients given teicoplanin with standard loading dose;in patients with low Ccr,given high loading dose,target Cmin can be achieved early;while in patients with normal Ccr,higher loading dose may be needed.

Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on fracture healing and caveolin-1 gene expression in the radius defects of rabbits / 复旦学报（医学版）

Objective To explore the effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on long bone fracture healing and to examine caveolin-1 gene expression in the radius defects of rabbits.Methods A total of 24 New Zealand rabbits with 3-mm bone defects at lower 1/3 in both radii were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=6).Daily LIPUS treatment was performed to the right fracture sites at a intensity of 30 mW/cm2 for 20 minutes,while the left sites received sham treatment with power off.To assess the effects of LIPUS on bone defects,X-ray imaging and hematoxylin-eosin staining were applied 7,14,21,28 days after the surgery.Additionally,the immunohistochemical staining was used to determine the subcllular localization of caveolin-1 and semi-quantify the caveolin-1 level,qPCR was performed to detect the mRNA level of caveolin-1,gene Col2a1 and Col10a1,and osteocalcin.Results On day 14,the radiological score of the right radii and mineralized callus area were significantly higher than that of the left ones,both of them were elevated with time flied.Histological examination suggested that the differentiation and apoptosis of chondrocytes along with the formation and bridging of the bone trabeculas appeared earlier in the right radius defects.The immunohistochemical staining showed that on day 7 and 14,the level of caveolin-1 increased with the proliferation and differentiation of condrocytes,and was significantly higher in callus tissues on the right sites.On day 21 and 28,the mesenchymal stem cells migrated to the surface of cartilage matrix started to differentiate into osteoblasts,the level of caveolin-1 decreased,and was significantly lower on the right sites.The result of qPCR indicated that compared with the left sites the caveolin-1 gene expression on the right sites was significantly higher on day 7,while significantly lower on day 21.The mRNA expression levels of Col2a1,Col10a1 and osteocalcin on the right sites were significantly higher on day 7 and 14,but they were significantly lower on day 21 and 28,except for Col10a1 on day 28.Conclusions Advancing endochondral ossification is considered to be a crucial mechanism during long bone fracture healing promoted by LIPUS.The caveolin-1 gene expression first increased in the chondrocytes then decreased in the mesenchymal stem cells during the process.

Analysis on correlation between serum Lp-PLA2 level with ischemic stroke occurrence and prognosis in patients with hypertension / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To explore the correlation between serum lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) level with the occurrence of ischemic stroke and prognosis in the patients with hypertension . Methods Eighty-eight patients with hypertension in this hospital from January 2013 to January 2016 were se-lected ,including 34 cases of simple hypertension and 54 cases of hypertension complicating ischemic stroke . The Lp-PLA2 level was detected .The severity of ischemic stroke was evaluated on 1 ,14 d after admission by adopting the NIHSS .The patients with hypertension complicating ischemic stroke were divided into the good prognosis group and poor prognosis group according to the NIHSS change situation .Moreover the independent predictive factors of prognosis were evaluated by adopting the Logistic multivariate regression .Results The Lp-PLA2 level in the patients with hypertension complicating ischemic stroke was significantly higher than that in the patients with simple hypertension .The Lp-PLA2 level (OR=1 .523 ,95％ CI=1 .323-1 .657) and NIHSS score (OR=3 .275 ,95％ CI=1 .402 -6 .208) at admission were the independent predictive factors of poor prognosis .Conclusion Serum Lp-PLA2 level is closely correlated with the occurrence and prognosis of ische-mic stroke in the patients with hypertension ,which can serve an evaluation index for the occurrence and prognosis of ischemic stroke in the patients with hypertension and provides an objective basis for the clinical therapy .

Effects of different concentrations of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant and adsorption methods on the immunogenicity of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis and inactivated poliovirus combined vaccine / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of different concentrations and adsorption methods of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant produced by different manufacturers on the immunogenicity of the diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis and inactivated poliovirus combined vaccine ( DTaP-sIPV) . Methods Five anti-gens of DTaP were adsorbed onto different concentrations (0. 42 mg/ml, 0. 47 mg/ml and 0. 52 mg/ml) of aluminum hydroxide from different manufacturers through sequential and separate adsorption. Adsorbability, anti-pertussis toxin ( PT)/filamentous hemagglutinin ( FHA)/pertactin ( PRN)/diphtheria toxoid ( DT)/tet-anus toxoid ( TT) antibodies and the potency of vaccines were detected. Results The adsorbability of alu-minum hydroxide adjuvant slightly decreased with the reduction of concentration. No significant difference in potency and antibody level was observed between sequential and separate adsorption. Moreover, no signifi-cant difference in antibody level was observed between vaccines prepared with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant produced by General Chemical Corp and our institute. Conclusion Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant produced by our institute at the concentration of 0. 52 mg/ml and separate adsorption method are suitable for prepara-tion of DTaP-sIPV.

Correlations between brown adipose tissue in adults and metabolic indicators / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective To examine the distribution,volume and glucose-uptake activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adults and investigate their correlations with metabolic indicators.Methods 18F-flurodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT was used to analyze the distribution,volume and glucose-uptake activity of BAT.The clinical and metabolic differences between BAT positive group (n =121) and BAT negative group (n=257) were compared.The influences of metabolic indicators (fast blood glucose (FBG),triglyceride (TG),total cholesterol (TC),high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C),low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C),uric acid (UA)) on the distribution,volume and activity of BAT were investigated.Logistic regression analysis,two-sample t test,x2 test and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data.Results The distribution,volume and glucose-uptake activity of BAT were found to be significantly higher in subjects being tested in colder seasons than those who were tested in warmer seasons:2.91％ (87/2 991) vs 1.68％(34/2018),(433±402) vs (329±298) ml,(212±183) vs (169±145) g (x2=7.66,t values:3.36 and 2.98,all P＜0.05).The female proportion was significantly higher in BAT positive group than that in BAT negative group:68.60％ (83/121) vs 31.91％ (82/257) (x2 =16.10,P＜0.01).The average levels of age,body mass index (BMI),FBG,TG,TC,LDL-C and UA in BAT positive group were significantly low-er than those in BAT negative group:(41.30±10.90) vs (48.70±9.60) years,(21.30±2.40) vs (24.50± 3.10) kg/m2,(4.56±0.74) vs (5.34±1.33) mmol/L,(0.94±0.36) vs (2.06±1.64) mmol/L,(4.42± 0.79) vs (4.88±0.87) mmol/L,(1.99±0.58) vs (3.10±0.77) mmol/L,(285.11±70.00) vs (347.70± 101.10) μmol/L (t values:from-6.25 to-2.94,all P＜0.01).Logistic regression analysis revealed that season,gender,age,BMI,FBG,TG and LDL-C levels were all independent influencing factors of BAT distribution in adults (odds ratios:5.36,2.06,0.95,0.79,0.49,0.23,0.02;P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).Among BAT positive adults,gender and FBG levels were found to be strongly affected by the volume and glucose-uptake activity of BAT (β values:0.28,-0.21,both P＜0.05).Conclusions The distribution,volume and glucose-uptake activity of BAT in adults are associated with multiple metabolic indicators including BMI,levels of glucose,lipid and UA.The distribution of BAT is affected by gender,age,season,BMI,blood glucose,and blood lipids.